Thyroid | Adrenal Glands | Pancreas
Endocrine (hormonal) System disorders
Treatment of internal secretion system disorders (Endocrine)
One of the systems affected by the endocannabinoid system is the endocrine system. A 2006 article in Endocrine Reviews examined and found that CB1 receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis) which together are the central axis for monitoring the entire endocrine system.
The presence of cannabinoid receptors as CB1 in the endocrine system proves that cannabidiol has medical potential as a treatment for endocrine disorders.
General information: The internal secretion system is a collection of glands in different parts of the body that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced in the internal secretion glands and move with the bloodstream to various target organs in the body.
The role of the system is to control the processes of acceleration, regulation, growth, and metabolism that take place in the various body organs. The endocrine system is responsible for various chemical actions that maintain health and physical fitness through the secretion of hormones, which penetrate the bloodstream and monitor many essential actions. Unlike the exocrine glands, the endocrine system glands do not insert the hormone through a tube but release their products directly into the bloodstream. The endocrine system’s action is slow relative to other systems in the body (such as the nervous system), and its operations can last minutes to days (unlike the nervous system for example, which acts in the millisecond).
At the same time, its actions are more effective in the longer term. A long operation of hormones compared to neurotransmitters [NTs] allows for the regulation of continuous processes in the human body and a planned effect on large areas. Endocrine system glands are scattered in different places in the body. The hormones secreted into the bloodstream move in the body towards the target organs on which they are supposed to affect, so some glands are far from their area of effect. Every cell in the body needs certain hormones. The identification of hormones by cells is carried out using special receptors expressed across the membranes of the target cells. Some hormones penetrate the cell to stimulate metabolic changes. Most endocrine glands produce only one hormone, but some produce several hormones. An example of this is the two adrenal glands that each are located above one kidney, and they consist of different regions each of which produces other hormones.
The core of these glands, called the “core”, produces epinephrine (nor-adrenalin) and adrenaline, the layer above the core that produces sex hormones, the layer above which produces the steroid cortisol, and the outer layer produces aldosterone. The hormones secreted into the digestive system such as the hormone gastrin are not part of the endocrine system because the digestive organs are open outside the body.
Read more: Evidence for functional CB1 cannabinoid receptor expressed in the rat thyroid.
Components Of The Endocrine System:
Hypothalamus is a region of the cerebral cortex located at the front of the middle brain, beneath the thalamus (hence its name derived from the Greek language) and above the pituitary gland to which it is linked through a vascular and nerve system. The hypothalamus controls the endocrine system and therefore controls the production of other hormones by releasing hormone release factors.
This control is especially important in emergency situations, in which the body must carry out a complicated set of physiological processes (known as the “fight-or-flight response”). Because of this role, the hypothalamus is sometimes described as the centre of stress in the brain. The pituitary gland orhypophysis , a small gland that sits at the base of the skull in the Turkish saddle (Sella Turcica).
The gland is attached to the hypothalamus above it by a thin tissue stem (Infundibulum). The gland is divided into two anatomically attached lofies but completely functionally distinct: Frontal hypophysics (adenothiposis) and posterior hypophysis (neurophyphysis). Between the two parts is the middle part (Pars Intermedia), this part is very small in man. Hypophysis is a very vital organ, its function is mainly endocrine secretion (that is, secretion to the blood with the aim of acting on distant organs) of tropical hormones (Tropic) in adenohipophysis and of the antideortic hormone (ADH) in neurohipysis. The hormones of hypophysis are all peptide hormones. Pineal Gland (Glandula pinealis).
A small endocrine gland is found in the middle of the brain, at eye level on the back between the two hemispheres. The pineal gland is a single structure. That is, unlike many other structures in the brain it is not divided into side pairs. The pineal gland is linked to the sympathetic nervous system and especially to Superior Cervical Ganglion SCG. Its main role is to mediate between nerve stimuli and hormonal secretion, regulate the circadian rhythm in animals.
Another role of the pineal gland is the production of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is of great importance in the processes of aging, sleep, immune system resilience, child growth and more. Thyroid thyroid is the “protective gland” that monitors metabolic rate and heart rate. Thyroid –parathyroid parathyroid (“thyroid balance”) embedded in the thyroid gland. It regulates the amounts of calcium and phosphorus and balances calcitonin.
This adrenal glands are divided into two parts the core and the cortex
The shell exudes corticosteroid hormones in which the hormone cortisol affects metabolism and together with corticosterone on the immune system as well as few androgen hormones. The gland is also responsible for the production of mineralo-corticoid hormones responsible for balancing the minerals in the body, including the aldosterone that acts on the kidneys for the reuptake of sodium(Na+) and water ions. Also, glucocorticoid hormones, the most important of which are cortisol, which among other things encourage an increase in blood glucose, to help the body in stressful situations.
The core causes the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline that are neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system responsible for the “fight or flight” situation that increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Pancreas is located near the adrenal glands; Secretes insulin and glucagon responsible for regulating blood glucose. As well as the hormone somatestin, which is used in part to regulate the secretion of insulin and glucagon in thymus, which is present in the chest; Works mainly in childhood to nourish parts of the immune system and to produce different blood cells. Ovaries (females) and testicles (in males) – constitute the reproductive system and are also responsible for puberty in the person.
Regulating the chemical composition of the internal environment. regulating metabolism. regulating smooth muscle activity, myocardial and glandular secretion. assistance in maintaining humostasis (permanent internal environment). assistance in monitoring the immune system. involvement in the process of growth and development. involvement in the basic process of reproduction.
One of the common endocrine disorders is diabetes, a condition caused when the pancreas does not produce sufficient levels of the hormone insulin. Another common endocrine disorder is adrenal dysfunction, caused when the glands release too little cortisol and aldosterone, a condition that causes chronic fatigue.
Cushing’s Syndrome (Cushing’s Syndrome), an endocrine disorder resulting from increased secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. Surgeon Harvey Cushing reported the syndrome in 1932. It is a relatively rare syndrome, and its prevalence ranges from 1-2:100,000 people per year. High floor gigantism (giants or giants) is a rare disease that manifests itself in the over-secretion of growth hormones during childhood before the end of bone growth.
Is a condition in which there is an over-production of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxykosis is a condition of excessive concentration of thyroxine for some reason, and also includes hyperthyroidism.
A disease in humans and animals caused by insufficient production of hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
Decreased secretion of one to eight hormones and peptides which are usually produced in the pituitary gland. Polycystic ovary syndrome/ disease polycystic ovary/ disease, or PCOS. The most common endocrine disorder in women, which affects about 5% to 10% of women of reproductive age (12-45 years), is one of the main causes that causes a fertility problem.
Classic symptoms of the syndrome include obesity, amenorrhea (menstrual deficiency) or problems with bolion, acne, and excess male (androgenic) sex hormones that lead to excess hair growth. These symptoms vary significantly between women in the degree of severity. Although the cause of PCOS is unknown, insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity are strongly linked to this syndrome.
CBD as a treatment of the Endocrine System
In recent years, scientific research has found that there are endocannabinoid receptors in parts of the endocrine system – hypothalamus, hypophysis, and the thyroid glands. These receptors monitor the release of hormones in these areas. Internal and external cannabinoids affect hormone release and can correct disruptions, overactivity, or sub-activity of the glands. This implies that cannabidiol has the potential to correct physical disorders of the endocrine system.
In addition, cannabidiol may help treat common side effects in endocrine disorders: anxiety, fear, high mental stress, insomnia (CBD can prolong REM sleep), appetite disorders, and mood changes.
CBD corrects cortisol levels in the blood healing metabolic disorders.
Dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system can cause chronic endocrine disorders and therefore the addition of cannabidiol can restore the ECS to balance and thus also help the endocrine glands to get balanced action.
Additional Articles:
CBD as a treatment for Thyroid Disorders
Anecdotal evidence shows that cannabidiol manages to treat symptoms of endocrine disorders, especially in the thyroid gland. Endocannabinoid receptors were found in the thyroid gland, and they monitor the release of the hormones T3 and T4 – (TRI iodo thyroxine and TETRA iodo thyroxide). It turned out in a study on mice that endocannabinoids manage to lower the release of thyroid gland hormones by 30% in its overactivity states.
CBD regulates the release of the thyroid gland hormones by directly affecting nerve cells in the hypothalamus which releases TRH (thyroid releasing hormone). Cannabidiol can lower the secretion of thyroid gland hormones when the gland is overactive. Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland – cannabidiol manages to suppress inflammation of the thyroid gland and return it to normal operation.
Effect of CBD on Cortisol levels
One of the important functions of the endocrine system is monitoring and regulating stress reactions. It does this through hormones like epinephrine and cortisol. The endocrine system is also involved in body metabolism, memory, and even wound recovery.
Cortisol is a hormone essential for survival and is responsible for activating the “fight or flight” response. Our body produces the hormone cortisol in the adrenal glands. At the same time, high levels of cortisol can be problematic and have side effects such as obesity, extreme mood swings, and an increase in anxiety.
Recent studies have shown that CBD directly affects hormone levels in the body. This is an important finding when coming to treat high cortisol levels in the body and reduce symptoms of anxiety, insomnia & mental disorders.
Many people have spoken about going into “flight or fight” mode when they’re stressed out or threatened. While this is just a saying, there is a hormone called cortisol, also known as the stress hormone, that’s responsible for this type of reaction in stressful situations. Cortisol was an essential hormone when humans were hunting for meals every day and running from predators because it allowed an extra boost of energy in that high-stress situation so we could either outrun the predator or catch the prey.
Nowadays, cortisol can be triggered by things beyond hunting for our meals. Stress can be something we experience all too often, especially with the world we are currently living in. Those with a busy lifestyle are also more prone to high cortisol levels because they’re not getting the relaxation and downtime required to lower those levels.
While cortisol is good in high-stress situations to get us out safely, too much of it can have detrimental effects on our health including developing long-term chronic diseases. These health effects can include poor sleeping habits, high blood pressure, and even gastrointestinal [GI] issues. Chronic cortisol release can also result in diabetes, obesity, and even autoimmune diseases.
CBD has been highly studied as a way to fight against these high cortisol levels. The results have been encouraging because they’ve found that CBD interacts with your endocrine system to regulate hormone production. Your endocrine system is a variety of glands that produce the hormones in your body and these hormones are powerful chemicals that sustain major effects on your body. CBD is a cannabinoid that interacts with your endocannabinoid system [ECS], which is a complex system that manages psychological processes such as mood and appetite. This ECS in your body is also involved in managing endocrine processes. With all of these systems working together, stimulating the ECS, CBD and other cannabinoids can directly affect hormone levels in the body. Since the endocrine system is in charge of managing stress and thus producing cortisol, CBD can be used to directly manage cortisol production.
Overall, CBD can be an effective way to reduce cortisol levels by lowering the body’s inflammatory response to stress. This in turn can reduce anxiety, depression, and insomnia, which can lead to a much healthier lifestyle.
The endocannabinoid system participates in the neuroendocrine control of homeostasis
Components of the Endocrine System:
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a region of the cerebral cortex located at the front of the middle brain, beneath the thalamus (hence its name derived from the Greek language) and above the pituitary gland to which it is linked through the vascular and nerve system. The hypothalamus controls the whole endocrine system and therefore controls the production of other hormones by releasing hormones & releasing factors.
This control is especially important in emergencies, in which the body must carry out a complicated set of physiological processes (known as the “fight-or-flight response”). Because of this role, the hypothalamus is sometimes described as the centre of stress in the brain. The pituitary gland (or hypophysis), is a small gland that sits at the base of the skull inside the bone called Turkish saddle (Sella Turcica).
The gland is attached to the hypothalamus above it by a thin tissue stem (Infundibulum). The gland is divided into two anatomically attached lobes that are completely functionally distinct: Frontal hypophysis (adenohypophysis) and posterior hypophysis (neurohypophysis). Between the two parts is the middle part (Pars Intermedia), this part is very small in man. The hypophysis is a very vital organ, its function is mainly endocrine secretion (that is, secretion to the blood to act on distant organs) of tropical hormones in the adenohypophysis and the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the neurohypophysis. The hormones of the hypophysis are all peptide hormones.
The Pineal Gland (Glandular pineal)
A small endocrine gland is found in the middle of the brain, at eye level on the back between the two brain hemispheres. The pineal gland is a single structure. That is, unlike many other structures in the brain, it is not divided into side pairs. The pineal gland is linked to the sympathetic nervous system and especially to the Superior Cervical Ganglion (SCG). Its main role is to mediate between nerve stimuli and hormonal secretion and regulate the circadian rhythm in animals.
Another role of the pineal gland is the production of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is of great importance in the processes of ageing, sleep, immune system resilience, child growth, and more.
The Thyroid gland monitors metabolic rate and heart rate.
The Parathyroid gland is embedded behind the thyroid gland. It regulates the amounts of phosphorus and balances the release of the hormone calcitonin.
The Parathyroid gland lies just behind the thyroid glands in the neck. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which increases levels of calcium in the blood. The parathyroid glands are small pea-sized glands located in the neck just behind the butterfly-shaped thyroid glandium.
The major function of the parathyroid glands is to maintain the body’s calcium and phosphate levels within a very narrow range so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly. The parathyroid glands do this by secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone (also known as parathormone) is a small protein that takes part in the control of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as bone physiology. Parathyroid hormone has effects antagonistic to those of calcitonin
Calcium: PTH increases blood calcium levels by directly stimulating osteoblasts and thereby indirectly stimulating osteoclasts (through RANK/RANKL mechanism) to break down bone and release calcium. PTH increases gastrointestinal calcium absorption by activating vitamin D and promotes calcium conservation (reabsorption) by the kidneys.
Phosphate. PTH is the major regulator of serum phosphate concentrations via actions on the kidney. It is an inhibitor of proximal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus. Through activation of vitamin D, the absorption (intestinal) of phosphate is increased.
The Adrenal gland is divided into two parts – the core and the cortex
Adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress, and other essential functions.
The cortex produces & releases corticosteroid hormones in which the hormone cortisol affects metabolism and together with corticosterone that affects the immune system as well as a few androgen hormones. The gland is also responsible for the production of mineralocorticoid hormones responsible for balancing the minerals in the body, including aldosterone that acts on the kidneys for the reuptake of sodium (Na+) and water ions. Also, glucocorticoid hormones, the most important of which are cortisol, encourage an increase in blood glucose levels, helping the body in stressful situations.
The core of the adrenal gland causes the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline that are neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system responsible for the “fight or flight” situation that increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Pancreas
Effect of CBD on Insulin
One of the important functions of the endocrine system is the supervision & control of metabolism. One of the many ways it does this is in the production of hormones in the pancreas. These hormones include glucagon, somatostatin, and insulin. Insulin is a very important hormone that helps the body absorb and store nutrients (glucose). Without insulin, plant glucose would not be able to pass from the bloodstream into individual cells in our body. Insulin imbalances can have serious health consequences. Insulin deficiency, for example, causes hyperglycemia, while excess insulin in the blood causes a decrease in hypoglycemia. One of the common phenomena caused by insulin production problems is diabetes.
A wide and comprehensive range of studies has been done on the effect of cannabinoids on metabolic disorders and in particular on the relationship between cannabinoids and diabetes. Some of these studies show that cannabidiol has a direct and beneficial effect on pancreatic function, especially insulin production. By regulating insulin production in the pancreas CBD controls blood sugar levels and may prevent or cure diabetes.
The pancreas is located near the adrenal glands; It secretes insulin and glucagon responsible for regulating blood glucose levels. The pancreas also produces the hormone somatostatin, which is used in part to regulate the secretion of insulin and glucagon in the thymus,
The Thymus
The Thymus is active mainly in childhood and nourishes parts of the immune system and produces different types of white blood cells.
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, lymphocytes or T cells mature. The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart.
Gonades
Ovaries (females) and testicles (in males) – constitute the reproductive system and are also responsible for puberty in both males & females.
The effect of hormones on the body
Regulating the chemical composition of the internal environment. regulating metabolism. regulating smooth muscle activity, myocardial and glandular secretion. assistance in maintaining homeostasis (permanent internal environment). assistance in monitoring the immune system. involvement in the process of growth and development. involvement in the basic process of reproduction.
Common Endocrine Disorders:
One of the common endocrine disorders is diabetes, a condition caused when the pancreas does not produce sufficient levels of the hormone insulin. Another common endocrine disorder is adrenal dysfunction, caused when the glands release too little cortisol and aldosterone, a condition that causes chronic fatigue.
Other Endocrine Disorders Include:
Cushing’s Syndrome – an endocrine disorder resulting from increased secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. The surgeon Harvey Cushing, reported the syndrome in 1932. It is a relatively rare syndrome, and its prevalence ranges from 1-2:100,000 people per year. Gigantism is a rare disease that manifests itself in the over-secretion of growth hormones [GH] during childhood before the end of bone growth.
Thyroid glands – Hyperthyroidism & Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which there is an over-production of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is a condition of excessive concentration of thyroxine and also includes hyperthyroidism.
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which there is reduced production of thyroid hormones.
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